Tag: artemis

Artemis 1: Everything You Need to Know About It
Late this night, at about 1:47 a.m. ET, the Artemis-1 mission lifted off; it is now on its way to the Moon. The 320-foot-tall (nearly 100-meter) Space Launch System, the most powerful launch vehicle ever built, and the Orion space capsule, which was partially built in Europe, will orbit the Moon and then return. The still-unmanned lunar mission serves as a dress rehearsal for the manned return to the Moon, with only three dummies on board this time.
50 years after the last Apollo mission, the Earth’s satellite has once again become the target of manned space flight. With the Artemis program, the USA and Europe want to land humans on the Moon once again by 2025. This time, a space station in lunar orbit and later a lunar base are intended to enable the long-term presence of astronauts on the Moon. But other nations, including China in particular, also have their eyes on the Moon and are preparing a manned return to the Earth’s satellite.
The Launch is Finally Successful
Structure of the SLS launch vehicle with the Orion module. (Credit: NASA)
Artemis-1 launched to the Moon from Cape Canaveral on November 16, 2022, at 6:47 a.m. UTC. The countdown and launch were broadcast live by both ESA and NASA. For the first time, the Space Launch System (SLS) launch vehicle developed by NASA specifically for lunar missions and the Orion capsule designed and built in Europe will now fly together to the Moon, orbit it, and return to Earth.
But the development of the SLS in particular had its difficulties: its completion was delayed by years, and in 2022 there were repeated problems with refueling; the launch of Artemis-1 had to be postponed several times.
The excitement with which the launch of the giant was followed around the world was correspondingly great. Powered by four engines fed with liquid hydrogen and oxygen and two solid rockets, this 321-foot-tall vehicle is the most powerful launch vehicle ever built. It surpasses even the legendary Saturn V of the Apollo missions.
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“Crew” of Artemis-1
Aboard the Artemis-1 mission, there is a crew of a truly special kind. Three dummies are taking part in the first lunar flight of the Artemis program and, with the help of numerous sensors and measuring instruments, recording the stresses to which human astronauts will be exposed. The pilot dummy, named “Moonikin,” will test not only sensors for radiation, vibration, and pressure forces but also the space suit that the astronauts will later wear during critical mission phases.
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The ‘crew’ of the Artemis I mission to the Moon. (Credit: NASA/Lockheed Martin/DLR)
The two passengers, “Helga” and “Zohar,” are torso dummies whose materials are modeled on those of the female body, because the next Artemis flights will be the first time female astronauts fly to the Moon. Zohar wears a special radiation protection vest, while Helga does not. Several thousand radiation sensors determine the level of cosmic radiation to which the dummies are exposed during the flight.
Flight to the Moon
The SLS launch vehicle is designed to accelerate the Orion module to a good 22,350 miles (36,000 kilometers) per hour. After about eight minutes, the solid rocket boosters and the four engines of the first rocket stage burn out and are jettisoned. Artemis-1 first reached orbit around Earth and the Orion capsule deployed its two solar sails.
Next, to give the spacecraft the thrust it needs to leave Earth’s orbit and fly to the Moon, the rocket’s upper stage, called the Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), kicks in. Its engine, also fed by liquid hydrogen and oxygen, puts the Orion spacecraft on a lunar course. About two hours after launch, the Orion capsule separates from the ICPS burn stage. The Orion capsule now receives enough thrust to continue on its own to the Moon.
Meanwhile, the ICPS releases ten mini-satellites, known as CubeSats. These carry various small measuring instruments and sensors with which they investigate, among other things, the lunar surface and the radiation, particles, and magnetic fields between the Earth and the Moon. One CubeSat is also designed to land on the Moon, and another will fly to a near-Earth asteroid using a light sail.
Around the Moon and Back
Artemis 1 mission flight plan. (Credit: NASA)
The Orion capsule needs several days to reach the Moon. On the sixth day after launch, it is expected to pass the closest point to the Moon on its trajectory. It will fly over the lunar surface at an altitude of around 60 miles (100 kilometers).
The space capsule will then ignite its propulsion jets to enter an elliptical orbit around the Moon. This takes Orion around 40,000 miles (64,000 kilometers) above the Moon. It will then be about 280,000 miles (450,000 kilometers) from Earth—further than any spacecraft designed for manned missions before it.
To bring the spacecraft back out of lunar orbit and on course for Earth, the engines of the Orion service module will be fired again about a week later. 26 days after launch, Orion will reach Earth again and enter the Earth’s atmosphere. This marks the beginning of the crucial test for the Orion module’s newly developed heat shield.
Re-entry and Landing
Because the capsule will enter Earth’s atmosphere at nearly 25,000 miles (40,000 kilometers) per hour during its return to Earth, it will heat up to nearly 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit (2,800°C)—far more than it would if it were returning from the International Space Station in low Earth orbit.
The Orion heat shield, like the Apollo lunar missions, therefore uses a material that is consumed by the heat but allows little of it to pass through to the capsule. An additional layer of insulation and cooling systems in the walls of the spacecraft ensure that the Orion capsule is not damaged.
After the heat shield and the friction of the atmosphere have slowed the space capsule from about 25,000 miles to 300 miles (40,000 to 480 km) per hour, the first pair of special parachutes are triggered at an altitude of about 25,000 feet (7,600 meters). A short time later, the three large main parachutes take over and allow the capsule to glide gently down to the sea. The landing site is not far from the California coast in the Pacific Ocean.
Next Steps in the Artemis Program
If the flight of Artemis-1 is successful, the next manned steps in the Artemis program will follow. The follow-up mission, Artemis-2, is expected to take place in 2024.
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For the first time, four humans will then fly to the Moon in the Orion capsule and orbit it on a similar trajectory to Artemis-1. Unlike Artemis-1, however, this mission will probably not enter a lunar orbit but will fly an eight-shaped loop in which the spacecraft is deflected by lunar gravity alone and returned to Earth’s course.
Artemis-3—probably in 2025 or 2026—will be the first time humans set foot on the Moon. On this mission, two astronauts will fly down to the lunar surface with a landing module and land. The remaining two astronauts will remain in lunar orbit. Whether all this will happen, however, depends crucially on how the dress rehearsal for the Artemis-1 mission goes.

November 16, 2022
What Is the Artemis Mission: Phases and Objectives
- NASA aims to return people to the Moon by 2025 under the “Artemis” program.
- “Artemis 1” is an unmanned mission in 2022 to test the Orion spacecraft and European Service Module.
- The Artemis program’s estimated cost is $93 billion, with each Artemis launch costing around $4 billion.
Returning to the moon is meant to mark the beginning of a new era for American space exploration. NASA hopes to return people to the Earth’s satellite by 2025. This puts “Mission Artemis” under a lot of strain, however. The launch vehicle, space capsule, and lunar module weren’t ready until recently, and there wasn’t enough money either. The new American lunar program, dubbed “Artemis” after Apollo’s twin sister, is a clear reference to the first trips that humans made to the moon. Additionally, there is a similarity between Artemis and Apollo just like when John F. Kennedy pledged a moon landing “before this decade is out.” In 2019, a U.S. president once again assigned NASA a specific deadline: American astronauts should return to the moon in five years.
Artemis 1 fly date is November 16, 2022 at 9:04 AM GMT+3.
The Return to the Moon
The idea of going back to the moon has been discussed for a very long time, and not just at NASA. The moon is once again proving to be a highly intriguing destination 50 years after the first moon landing. After all, it not only provides fresh supplies of raw minerals but also a strategically advantageous starting point for further missions to Mars and beyond.
But carrying out such plans is the issue. After being restricted to low Earth orbit for decades, human spaceflight is now starting to go farther out. This has represented a fresh start for NASA in many ways. Because the required technology and expertise were initially insufficient, despite all the technological advancements since the Apollo period. Since the final Apollo manned mission to the moon took place 47 years ago, the spacecraft, landing modules, and launch vehicles from that era are only useful as museum exhibits.
The twelve main space organizations in the world, including NASA and ESA, decided in 2013 to work together on a shared timeline called the Global Exploration Roadmap to have adequate time for the required new advances. Thus, human flights to Lagrange Point 2, 1 million miles (1.5 million km) away, or near-Earth asteroids were to begin by 2025. The return of people to the moon and the presumably slow building of a lunar outpost were only envisaged after that, until about 2030.
But then, in 2017, Donald Trump’s “Space Policy Directive-1” gave the US space programs a new focus, moving away from Earth surveillance and asteroids and toward a heavier emphasis on the Moon and Mars. Additionally, there was to be greater involvement by commercial suppliers. The objective was to land on the moon in 2028 and gradually build a lunar gateway, or space station, in lunar orbit.
This was unquestionably good news for the NASA departments and subcontractors working on the lunar mission since it implied more money for them. Since then, NASA’s effort in the lunar program has substantially increased. Tests of the Orion spacecraft and work on the new launch vehicle, the Space Launch System (SLS), have been accelerated.
Artemis 1: An Unmanned Moon Orbiter
Commercial companies will manage the Lunar Gateway’s construction and supply. ©NASA
Three main parts make up the Artemis mission: an unmanned test flight in 2022, an astronaut-led lunar orbit in 2024, and a lunar landing near the lunar south pole in 2025.
In September 2022, the first unmanned flight of the next lunar mission is planned to launch from Cape Canaveral. The main purpose of this mission is to test the Orion spacecraft and the attached European Service Module (ESM). The capsule is to house the astronauts, just as the Apollo missions did. The engine, power, and life support systems are provided by the service module. Two dummies outfitted with instruments in Artemis 1 stand in for the astronauts.
The Artemis 1 mission’s sequence is similar to the Apollo 8 mission’s flight plan from more than 50 years ago: The spacecraft sails to the moon, reaches lunar orbit, and spends a few days orbiting the Earth’s satellite. The capsule is then propelled out of lunar orbit and back toward Earth by the firing of its propulsion nozzles.
The main difference is that Artemis 1 will send the spacecraft further than any previous lunar mission, in a loop that extends some 40,000 miles (65,000 km) beyond the moon. The mission will also launch 13 CubeSat miniature satellites as a tiny extra service. Still, in theory, Artemis 1 doesn’t have to achieve anything that hasn’t previously been done.
Trying to Find A Launch Vehicle
The initial issue was finding a launch vehicle for the Artemis mission. As stated by NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in March 2019, NASA did not have a rocket that could launch Orion plus the European Service Module to the Moon in 2019. Since the Saturn V was retired, there hasn’t been a launch vehicle on the planet that can lift the weight of such a spacecraft not just into Earth’s orbit but also beyond.
NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) was created especially for this use, but it took a while to determine if it would be ready in time. That’s because, as of 2019, only the various components of this launch vehicle—including the primary engines, which are manufactured from reused space shuttle engines—had been put through testing. Moreover, the intricate, 321-foot-tall (98-meter) colossus had never flown.
Two Steps to Reach the Moon
Artemis I 2022 mission profile by NASA.
Orion and its service module could also be sent to the moon on a commercial rocket. For the Artemis 1 mission, NASA had been debating between employing a Falcon Heavy from SpaceX or a Delta IV from Boeing. However, these rockets didn’t have the upper stage necessary to send this payload from Earth orbit. For that, a rocket’s upper stage would need to be blasted into orbit independently using a different launch vehicle before being attached to Orion. However, this operation had never been tried, and Orion was not equipped with the necessary docking module anyway.
Even if some of the commercial vehicles could function, none would enable NASA to accomplish Artemis Mission 1’s intended lunar orbit on time and within a set budget. This investigation has given NASA the go-ahead to keep using the SLS. Despite significant obstacles, the strategy was successful; the Space Launch System (SLS) is now ready, allowing Artemis 1 to launch with a two-year delay.
Artemis 2 and the Lunar Gateway: Astronauts on a Lunar Trajectory
Artemis II 2024 mission profile by NASA.
The return of human lunar missions is planned in the second stage of the Artemis program. In 2024, a human lunar orbit will be the focal point. Parallel to this, the initial parts of a lunar space station will be launched into lunar orbit. This Lunar Gateway will act as a staging area and base for future lunar landings. Gateway will be humanity’s first space station in lunar orbit.
Similar to its previous mission’s flight plan, Artemis 2 is manned. An SLS launch vehicle will place the service module and the four passengers aboard the Orion spacecraft into Earth orbit, where they will orbit the satellite a few times before receiving the thrust for their journey to the moon. However, unlike Artemis 1, the Artemis 2 mission will take a so-called free return trajectory rather than enter a lunar orbit. Without the need for extra braking or acceleration procedures, the spacecraft will be deflected by lunar gravity alone and restored to Earth’s trajectory throughout an eight-shaped loop.
There will be women and people of color on board the spaceship for the first time on a lunar mission. NASA wants to be clear that, unlike Apollo, the leaders of the future lunar missions are no longer all white men, as was the case with that mission’s name, Artemis.
However, there will be several flights to the Moon before the actual lunar landing; Artemis 2 is not the only one. There will be many unmanned cargo rocket trips to the Moon in addition to this initial human test mission. According to NASA, there may be seven or eight of these trips. That’s because it’s also necessary to test and bring to the moon the lunar cargo module and the first components of the lunar orbiting station.
The Utilization Module, a very compact housing, and the power and thruster modules are the initial components of the Lunar Gateway that need to be launched into orbit. The lunar orbiting station’s core is made up of these two modules, which will serve as the launching pad for people to reach the lunar surface in 2025.
The Artemis mission plan also specifies that the lunar lander, or lunar landing module, must initially be built in lunar orbit. Depending on whose business constructs it and how that company intends to handle the travel from the Lunar Gateway down to the lunar surface, this lander will have either two or three components. However, these transport missions won’t be carried out using NASA’s own SLS launch vehicle; instead, they will be given out to private companies.
It’s still obvious how constrained the schedule is. Less than five years remain for NASA and its subcontractors to develop, test, and launch the required space modules and components.
Artemis 3: The Landing
Artemis III 2025 mission profile by NASA.
The lunar landing in 2025 will mark the culmination of the Artemis program. Four people will be placed in lunar orbit by an Orion spacecraft if all goes according to plan. Some of the crew will stay in the primitive lunar space station, while the remainder will use a landing module that was already stationed there to descend to the lunar surface.
In essence, this concept isn’t much more than a rehash of the Apollo missions. That’s because the time frame has been compressed, leaving little of NASA’s initial, more ambitious intentions. For instance, instead of spending at least a week on the lunar surface, the Artemis 3 crew would likely just remain there for a few days, and the base in orbit is essentially just the Apollo spacecraft’s command module.
Landing on the Moon’s Far Side
Astronauts are anticipated to land at the South Pole–Aitken Basin at the lunar south pole. © NASA
The Artemis astronauts’ landing location is, at the very least, novel. The South Pole-Aitken Basin, a large, old impact depression on the far side of the moon, will be Artemis 3’s landing spot. Its side that faces away from Earth has mainly been undiscovered up to this point; neither spacecraft nor people have accessed it for decades. But the Chinese space probe Chang’e 4 made history in 2019 when it became the first artificial object to touch down at the lunar south pole.
The first human landing in this intriguing scientific field is anticipated by planetary scientists to provide some fresh revelations. The moon’s far side is dominated by plateaus made of very ancient crustal rock, as opposed to its near side’s huge expanses of basalt lava. The Aitken Basin is seeing a rise in lunar mantle rock, according to data from the Chinese Yutu rover. The first opportunity for scientists to get samples of this lunar rock will be via the Artemis mission.
Who Builds the New Lunar Lander?
The Artemis crew won’t be transported to their landing spot at the moon’s south pole by a NASA lander, in contrast to the Apollo missions. NASA is not able to handle everything on its own. Thus, the required modules have to be provided by commercial sources. The transportation service that will take the astronauts from the Lunar Gateway to the moon will be essentially something NASA would purchase.
NASA had originally chosen eleven American firms to create prototypes for the next lunar lander’s submodules in 2019. Five companies and concepts remained after the selection was completed in 2021. There will be two or three submodules in the lunar module. In the first, humans will be transferred from the Lunar Gateway to the low lunar orbit. A descent module will then assume control and continue the fall to the lunar surface, much like the Apollo missions. Only the capsule carrying the astronauts will return to lunar orbit.
Cost of the Artemis program: $93 Billion
NASA gets over 20 billion dollars annually from the US government. It must, however, utilize this money to fund a wide variety of space operations, from unmanned trips to Mars and other planets in the solar system to satellites in Earth orbit and contributions to the International Space Station (ISS). It appears there isn’t much left over for a human moon trip.
For a long time, NASA kept the expense of the Artemis program a secret. According to initial estimates, the overall cost of the moon landing, including the expenditures of the prelude missions, was to be between 20 and 30 billion US dollars. As a result, NASA had to expand its budget by an extra 6 to 8 billion dollars annually, which would represent a financial boost unheard of since the Apollo period.
But as of September 2022, the Artemis mission had already cost around $43 billion and NASA will end up spending a total of $93 billion on the Artemis program between 2012 and 2025. The overall price of the SLS rocket alone doubled to $20 billion from its initial planned amount of $10 billion. One Artemis launch costs around $4 billion to complete.
Sources:
1. NASA, Moon to Mars.
2. NBC News, NASA’s Artemis program will return astronauts to the moon and give us the first female moonwalker.
3. Space.com, NASA Has a Full Plate of Lunar Missions Before Astronauts Can Return to Moon.
4. NASA, Artemis Accords.
September 3, 2022