Tag: nuclear accident

  • Nuclear Allegories and Dystopias from Godzilla to Fallout

    Nuclear Allegories and Dystopias from Godzilla to Fallout

    The development of nuclear technology has left deep marks not only in the fields of science and the military but also in cultural and artistic spheres. Since the mid-20th century, the fear and uncertainty brought about by nuclear weapons have found a vast space in art, literature, and popular culture.

    Godzilla: The Cinematic Reflection of a Nuclear Allegory

    The 1954 film Godzilla, directed by Ishirō Honda, presents an allegorical take on the devastating effects of nuclear weapons. The film reflects Japan’s trauma following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Godzilla is depicted as a monster awakened by nuclear testing, symbolizing the consequences of humanity’s interference with nature. In this regard, Godzilla has become one of the most iconic representations of nuclear fear in cinema.

    The nuclear allegory of Godzilla does not only reflect Japan’s fears but also resonates with the global anxiety surrounding nuclear weapons. The film foresees the catastrophic consequences of uncontrolled nuclear technology while also raising questions about how humanity can cope with this peril. Godzilla remains one of the strongest cinematic examples of nuclear cultural influence.

    Cold War Literature: Literary Representations of Nuclear Fear

    The Cold War era was a period when the fear of nuclear weapons was extensively explored in literature. Works written during this time addressed the potential consequences of nuclear war and the psychological state of humanity in the face of this looming threat. Authors such as Shūsaku Endō combined nuclear anxiety with existential concerns, offering a profound analysis of human fears.


    Cold War literature not only examined the physical effects of nuclear war but also delved into its psychological and moral implications. Many works from this period emphasized the devastating impact of nuclear warfare on humanity while simultaneously carrying messages of peace and hope. Nuclear fear became one of the most dominant themes in literature during this time.

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    The Fallout Series: A Post-Nuclear Dystopia

    The first Fallout game, released in 1997, portrays a dystopian world in the aftermath of nuclear war. The game explores what the world might become after a nuclear catastrophe and how humanity would struggle to survive in this new reality. The Fallout series stands as one of the most significant examples of nuclear cultural influence in video games.

    The dystopian universe of Fallout examines not only the physical aftermath of nuclear war but also its social and cultural consequences. The game delves into new societal structures that emerge after a nuclear disaster, the survival struggles of individuals, and the moral dilemmas they face.


    The Fallout series remains one of the most compelling representations of nuclear cultural influence in popular culture.

    Stanley Kubrick and Dr. Strangelove: The Dark Humor of Nuclear Fear

    Stanley Kubrick’s 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb presents nuclear war through the lens of dark comedy. The film satirically portrays the absurdity of uncontrolled nuclear weapons, emphasizing the helplessness of humanity in the face of this existential threat. Dr. Strangelove is one of the most unique cinematic representations of nuclear cultural influence.

    Kubrick’s film questions not only the physical consequences of nuclear war but also its psychological and moral dimensions.

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    By employing dark humor, Dr. Strangelove critiques the political and military decisions that could lead to nuclear catastrophe. The film remains an unforgettable piece of cinema that underscores the cultural impact of nuclear fear.

  • Harry Daghlian: The First Victim of a Nuclear Accident

    Harry Daghlian: The First Victim of a Nuclear Accident

    Harry Daghlian was an American physicist of Armenian descent. He was born (as Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr.) on May 4, 1921, in Waterbury, Connecticut, and died on September 15, 1945, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Harry Daghlian is known as the first person ever killed in a nuclear accident.

    Harry Daghlian’s Life

    Harry Daghlian was the oldest of Haroutune Krikor Daghlian and Margaret Rose’s three children. His father had found work as a radiologist at Lawrence & Memorial Hospital in New London, Connecticut, so the family relocated there soon after Harry’s birth.

    In New London, where Harry went to elementary school, he was a member of the orchestra and played the violin. Daghlian was the best student in his class because of his early interest in and aptitude for mathematics and science. His uncle, Garabed K. Both his father and his uncle, Garabed K. Daghlian, who taught physics and astronomy at Connecticut College in New London, encouraged Harry to pursue his interests in the subject.

    Herbert Lehr (left) and Harry Daghlian, Jr. (right), loading the assembled tamper plug containing the plutonium pit and initiator during the Manhattan Project. (Colorized)
    Herbert Lehr (left) and Harry Daghlian, Jr. (right), loading the assembled tamper plug containing the plutonium pit and initiator during the Manhattan Project. (Colorized)

    Harry Daghlian graduated from Bulkeley High School the same year, 1938. Subsequently, he enrolled at MIT to study at the undergraduate level. Daghlian transferred to Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, after two years, and he graduated with a Bachelor of Science there in the spring of 1942.

    Then he started attending graduate school on a fellowship. The Manhattan Project, which included the creation of an atomic weapon, required the recruitment of qualified individuals from all across the country. Robert Oppenheimer enlisted help from academics he knew at several American colleges. In the spring of 1943, he met Purdue University professor Marshall Holloway at Los Alamos after hearing him give a lecture.

    This time around, Oppenheimer employed Holloway and three others from his crew. They began off at Los Alamos in the autumn of 1943, with Harry Daghlian likely joining them in the spring of 1944 after finishing his studies.

    Harry served in two different groups at Technical Area 2 (TA-2), the Water Boiler Group, and the Critical Assembly Group. This area was also known as the Omega Site, which was used for nuclear criticality experiments.

    Otto Robert Frisch served as the group’s leader. Daghlian was involved in the assembly of the Trinity Test’s core on July 16, 1945.

    The First Person Died in a Nuclear Accident

    A year after Harry Daghlian's death, his friend Louis Slotin performed a similar criticality test on the same plutonium core, but it also ended in a disaster and Slotin's eventual death, giving it the name "Demon Core".
    A year after Harry Daghlian’s death, his friend Louis Slotin performed a similar criticality test on the same plutonium core, but it also ended in an accident and Slotin’s eventual death, giving it the name “Demon Core”.

    Harry Daghlian was soon going to be the first person to die in a nuclear accident. The Critical Assembly Group had to figure out how various neutron reflectors affected the critical mass of plutonium. The efforts were referred to as tickling a dragon’s tail at Los Alamos. This label was coined by Richard Feynman.

    9:00 p.m.

    Harry Daghlian departed the customary Tuesday lecture at 9 o’clock p.m. on August 21, 1945, only a few weeks after the atomic bombs were detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Daghlian intended to conduct experiments using a plutonium test core that evening for unclear reasons since these tests had been scheduled for the next day.

    9:30 p.m.

    The "Demon Core," a 14-lb (6.2-kg) subcritical mass of plutonium, manufactured during World War II. Colored.
    The “Demon Core,” a 14-lb (6.2-kg) subcritical mass of plutonium, manufactured during World War II. Colorized.

    Daghlian rolled into the Omega Site at about 9:30 p.m. that evening. Private Robert J. Hemmerly was stationed at Los Alamos as a “scientist in uniform” as part of the Special Engineering Detachment (SED) program.

    The “Rufus” test core (the plutonium pit) was made up of two hemispheres of platinum, weighing a combined 13.7 lb (6.2 kg) and covered in a nickel coating around 100 μm (4 mils) thick. The plutonium had a density of 15.7 g/cm³. Daghlian arranged tungsten carbide blocks around the plutonium sphere to reflect the neutrons. Each cube weighed about 9.7 lb (4.4 kg).

    9:55 p.m.

    At 9:55 p.m., Daghlian used his left hand to lift the last block onto the superstructure. This block brought the overall mass of the reflector up to 520 lb, or 236 kg. Using the neutron counter, he found that the addition of this last block resulted in the supercritical superstructure.

    He suddenly removed his hand, and the block tumbled down the middle of the superstructure. This resulted in a “prompt-supercritical” rise in neutron reflection, and things escalated quickly from there.

    Daghlian now removed the block reflexively with his right hand, which was bathed in a blue light after the criticality event. Then he started taking the rest of the blocks apart.

    While Hemmerly notified a sergeant, a student drove Daghlian to Los Alamos Hospital, where he arrived within half an hour. Daghlian’s hand was numb at first, but then he started to feel a tingling feeling. His health deteriorated rapidly as acute radiation syndrome took hold.

    Harry Daghlian’s Death

    Harry Daghlian's Death after high radiation exposure

    Daghlian’s good buddy Louis Slotin would pay him regular visits to the hospital. Slotin was a member of Frisch’s team and a physicist with a Ph.D. Daghlian went into a coma just before passing away. At 4:30 p.m. on September 15, 1945, at the age of 24, he passed away from radiation poisoning (or radiation sickness) 25 days after the accident.

    The Associated Press reported on September 21, 1945, in the New York Times that six days earlier, a “worker died from burns sustained in an industrial accident.” It wasn’t until 1956 that the true causes and timeline of the disaster were declassified as military secrets.

    Daghlian received an estimated radiation dosage of 5.1 sieverts as a consequence of the event, which resulted in about 1016 nuclear fissions. On the other hand, Robert J. Hemmerly was also exposed to around 0.5 Sievert of radiation.

    The accident did not damage the nickel layer around the plutonium core. The radioactive dosage emitted in the accident involving Daghlian was calculated on October 2, 1945, by reconstructing the incident at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Six times 1015 nuclear fissions were counted in this experiment. However, the scientists were never able to reach the prompt-supercritical state.

    Louis Slotin performed an experiment with an identical plutonium hemisphere on May 21, 1946. Slotin was also accidentally exposed to radiation after slipping his screwdriver that he put between the beryllium and the core to keep them from interacting. A few days later, he died on May 30, 1946. “Demon Core” became the official moniker for this experimental core that took the lives of two scientists.

    Legacy

    Harry Daghlian memorial_Caulkins_Park

    Calkins Park in New London, Connecticut, is where a memorial stone and flagpole were set up in 2000 to remember Daghlian. The tombstone incorrectly reads “Daghiian” for his last name. The inscription on the memorial reads, “though not in uniform, he died in service to his country.”

    In his novel The Alamos, Joseph Kanon fictionalized this event. In the movie Shadow Makers, Michael Merriman is based on Harry Daghlian.

    A memorial honoring Daghlian was dedicated in New London, Connecticut on May 20, 2000.