Richard I of England, better known as Richard the Lionheart, is one of the most famous kings in medieval history. He reigned from 1189 to 1199, but spent much of his time either fighting in the Holy Land during the Third Crusade or defending his French possessions against his rival, King Philip Augustus. But why is he called “Cœur de Lion” (Lionheart)? What is the origin of this name, which conveys bravery, strength, and nobility?
First Theory
There are theory hypotheses regarding the origin of Richard the Lionheart’s name. The first is that it was given to him by his contemporaries, who admired his courage and valor in combat. Richard was renowned for his exceptional martial skills and ability to perform extraordinary feats. For instance, he captured the seemingly impregnable Taillebourg Castle in 1179 at the age of 22. He also achieved several victories against the Muslims during the crusade, notably at Saint-Jean-d’Acre, Arsouf, and Jaffa. He even engaged in a duel with the famous Saracen leader Saladin, with neither emerging victorious. The name “Lionheart” may thus be a recognition of Richard’s military prowess, behaving like a lion on the battlefield.
Second Theory
The second theory suggests that the “Lionheart” name originates from a legend that claims Richard tore out a lion’s heart with his bare hands. This legend claims that Richard suffered an attack from a lion while on a hunt in Palestine, according to the chronicler Roger of Hoveden. He allegedly seized the lion by its jaws and ripped out its heart before throwing it to the ground. This story, though seemingly incredible, might be a metaphor illustrating Richard’s power and ferocity, as he feared nothing.
Third Theory
The third theory connects the “Lionheart” name to heraldry, specifically the art of coats of arms. Richard bore on his shield three passant lions gules, meaning three red lions walking in profile. These lions were the symbol of the Plantagenet dynasty to which Richard belonged. They had been adopted by his grandfather, Henry I of England (Henry Beauclerc), who inherited them from his father, William the Conqueror. The “Lionheart” name could, therefore, be a reference to Richard’s coat of arms, proudly displaying his lineage as a King of England.
Richard’s legacy primarily centers on his military accomplishments, particularly during the Third Crusade, and his image as a chivalric knight. He is remembered as one of the great medieval monarchs and warriors of his time.