Before delving into how camels survive in the desert, it’s important to note that there are two types of camels: the Arabian camel, or dromedary, and the Bactrian camel, originating from Asia. The main difference between these two animals is the number of humps; the camel has two, while the dromedary has one.
Dromedary or Camel According to the Climate
The entire camel’s morphology is adapted to withstand extreme temperatures. Another difference between these two animals is that the dromedary, or Arabian camel is better equipped to survive in extreme temperatures, while the two-humped Bactrian camel has evolved to endure the harshest winters with extremely cold temperatures. In the Gobi Desert, temperatures can drop to as low as −40°F (−40°C).
In winter, a camel can survive for up to 50 days without drinking anything. In summer, they can last between 5 and 10 days without water, depending on the animal’s physical activity.
How Camels Survive in the Desert
Thanks to the Hump!
Contrary to popular belief, a camel’s hump is not filled with water; it’s actually full of fat. In one hump, a camel can store up to 36 kg of fat. The camel can metabolize this fat to produce water, food, and energy.
This process can be summarized as follows: the camel’s hydrogen mixes with oxygen, producing water. The camel obtains half a liter of water per kilogram of fat, losing weight during this process. The hump shrinks and may even shift to one side. Once the camel feeds again, the hump regains its original shape.
Water Consumption
Another secret to the camel’s survival in the desert is its way of eating. In just about 10-15 minutes, a camel can drink nearly 100-150 liters (approximately 26-40 gallons) of water. From that point on, it starts producing fat again.
Another crucial aspect of its metabolism, which helps conserve water, is found in its blood. As mentioned earlier, camels obtain water from the fat stored in their humps. Unlike other mammals with fat reserves, camels do not use the water in their blood for hydration.
Camels conserve water through a combination of efficient kidney function, reduced sweating, and unique red blood cells that can withstand dehydration.
Camel Blood’s Unique Properties
Camel blood has two remarkable features. First, when a camel is dehydrated, its blood becomes less dense, allowing it to circulate more easily. Once rehydrated, its blood returns to its normal density. Second, camel blood can withstand temperatures as low as 6°C (42.8°F).
Other Curiosities that Help the Camel Survive in the Desert
The camel’s morphology, including its slender neck and long legs, facilitates body cooling and keeps it away from ground heat. Its fur also plays a vital role in survival, as it shields the camel from the sun’s rays. When the ambient temperature surpasses the camel’s body temperature, its fur not only fails to overheat but also assists in cooling.
Another feature that aids in water conservation is that camels sweat very little, only starting to sweat when the temperature exceeds 40°C (104°F). Surprisingly, one of the biggest dangers in the desert is being caught in a sandstorm. Camels are prepared for this scenario with long eyelashes that protect their eyes and muscles that close their nostrils, preventing sand from entering.