Tag: electricity

  • Power Cables: They All Follow the Same Fundamental Idea

    Power Cables: They All Follow the Same Fundamental Idea

    Finding adequate conductors wasn’t an issue in the early days of electrical engineering (the early 19th century). The issue was more with the insulation around these wires. For instance, German Samuel Sömmering describes his tinkering with sigellac, varnish, and even rubber. And both Sömmering and the Russian Pavel Schilling tested a rubber-coated wire cable back in 1811. Using silk strands as insulation was an attempt made by some of the experimenters. Later, a firm rubber-like material called gutta-percha, which comes from a plant in Malaysia, was utilized instead.

    As long as the voltage (“volt number”) is not too high, isolating conductors in modern electrical systems is a breeze because of the broad variety of plastics at our disposal. Here, you’ll learn about the many cable types available. Some may be familiar to you from around the house, while others take really unique and unusual shapes.

    The fundamental aspects of all cables:

    • To accommodate greater currents, the cable cross-sections must be enlarged.
    • The more severe the voltage fluctuations, the more complex the insulation must be.

    Cable types

    Flexible cables.
    Flexible cables.

    Power cords are the flexible cables that go from an electrical outlet to a household appliance. For this kind of connection, three cores of stranded copper wire (thin twisted copper wires) are encased in their own insulation tube, making for an extremely flexible and durable cable.

    There are relatively rigid cables made of a thicker copper wire. These lines are often concealed inside an insulating tube that is either flush-attached to the wall or is installed externally (surface-mounted).

    These lines are often housed in a unified plastic conduit. This configuration is frequently flush-mounted. 

    The telephone lines carry little current. So, telephone wires may be quite delicate. Typically, several separate lines will be combined into one larger bundle.

    A cable is made up of several individual conductors, whereas a wire only has one. Wires are often exposed and coiled.

    High-voltage cables

    High-voltage cables
    (Credit: Dave Bryant, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0)

    These cables are used to transport high voltage currents. Because of this, they need to have big diameters and good insulation. Most of the time, air is employed as an insulator, and thus the wires dangle freely between ceramic insulators mounted on the poles (overhead lines). These high-voltage cables also run below ground, but only in densely populated regions or places where the massive pylons would cause significant visual disruption. However, this approach comes at a high cost because of the complicated insulation required.

    Copper cables would be too heavy to use for overhead lines. As an alternative, thick aluminum wires are employed, and they are strung around a steel center. The lines’ stability is ensured by this central pillar.

    Submarine cables

    Fiber optic submarine cable types for data transfer.
    Fiber optic submarine cable types for data transfer. (Credit:  Lonnie Hagadorn,
    CC BY-SA 4.0, Wikimedia Commons)

    In 1857, C. W. Field commissioned the construction of a telegraph wire between Europe and North America that was around 4000 kilometers long and weighed 2500 tons. It still took more than a week to send a message back then since no one had invented telegraphy. Although the telegraph wire was intended as a solution, its first implementation was a disaster. They persisted, creating new and better cables as well as vessels designed specifically for laying cables.

    Despite the rise of satellite communications, numerous undersea cables are being actively maintained today for many reasons, including: 

    • Extremely large volumes of information can be sent over undersea cables.
    • They’re built to last.
    • Transmission times using deep-sea cables are far lower than those via satellite (about a factor of 3).

    Undersea copper connections are being phased out in favor of submarine fiber optic cables due to the fact that larger data quantities can be transmitted with light than with electrical signals. Several tens of glass fibers, and sometimes even a hundred, are wrapped around a narrow copper tube. For further durability, the cables are reinforced with steel wires.

  • How to Calculate The Energy Consumption of Light Bulbs?

    How to Calculate The Energy Consumption of Light Bulbs?

    • Energy consumption of a light bulb can be calculated by multiplying power (in watts), hours of usage, and days of usage.
    • Utility providers use kilowatt-hours (kWh) to calculate energy consumption, with 1 kWh equivalent to 1000 watt-hours (Wh).
    • LED bulbs are energy-efficient, producing more lumens per watt and having a longer lifespan compared to fluorescent bulbs.

    How do you calculate the energy consumption of light bulbs? Every electrical device, including a television, an iron, and a light bulb, uses electricity to some extent.

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    Although there are several variables, power is the one that has the most impact on a device’s energy consumption.
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    You can determine how each item and a light bulb will affect your utility bill at the end of the month by using some basic statistics. It is crucial for both the environment and your house to choose the proper bulbs that are the most energy efficient.

    Calculate the Energy Consumption

    Three factors are required to compute energy consumption: the power, the hours, and the days of usage. Multiply the known power by the number of days and hours the bulb is used to calculate the energy consumption.

    Let’s consider a 60-watt light bulb that is used for five hours each day for a month. The energy consumption for this light bulb is as follows:

    • Energy consumption is equal to 60 times 5 times 30.
    • Energy consumption is 9000 W/h.

    Utility providers use kilowatt-hours (kWh) rather than watt-hours (Wh) when calculating household energy consumption. To convert between the two units, all you need to know is that one kilowatt is equivalent to 1000 watts. Therefore, if your power bill shows a 200 kWh output, you really used 200,000 watt-hours.

    The conversion to kWh is required. To get the value of 9 kWh in the example, divide the result by 1000. By the time you’re done, you’ll be able to tell how much energy each light bulb with these manufacturing and consumption characteristics uses in a given month—9 kWh.

    Not only light bulbs but all electrical devices’ power consumption can be calculated using this calculation. All devices’ combined consumption will give you a result in kWh that will appear on your power bill.

    Calculate The Electricity Cost

    How do light bulbs emit light?

    Using another straightforward equation that doesn’t call for anything. To find out how much per kWh you are spending, all you have to do is look at your power bill. To calculate the monthly cost for each light bulb in your house, multiply that data by the consumption you computed.

    Consider paying €0.105 or $0.105 per kWh utilized to the electrical provider. In the previous computation, you concluded that each light bulb uses 9 kWh per month in the previous computation.

    As a result, each bulb’s monthly consumption cost is as follows:

    • Cost = 9 x 0.105
    • Use fee: €0.945 or $0.945

    This implies that each light bulb on your power bill will cost you a little under $1.00 / €1.00. One thing to keep in mind is the multiple amounts of light bulbs in your house.

    The consumption will be the same for all of the bulbs if the circumstances are the same. Think of a home with five or so rooms where about 10 of these lamps are utilized for 5 hours each day of the month.

    This results in the following cost calculation:

    • 10 x 0.945 is the cost of utilizing all the lamps.
    • The total cost to utilize all lamps is $9.45 / €9.45.

    Note that the values are fictitious and are simply used to show how the process works.

    LED Bulbs vs. Fluorescent Tubes

    Have you ever had second thoughts about purchasing lamps for your home? Which are the greatest, after all? Which of these uses less energy? Which one offers the best ratio of costs to benefits?

    There are numerous unanswered issues about this matter, particularly in light of the replacement of outdated incandescent light bulbs with fluorescent lamps. But now there is a new variety that offers even greater benefits: LED lamps.

    Fluorescent Light Bulbs

    Temperature: The primary benefit of fluorescent lights is that they don’t heat up like old-style incandescent lamps since the energy they utilize doesn’t produce heat. As a result, practically everything that is received ultimately becomes light.

    Savings: Fluorescent tubes use a lot less energy since they generate roughly 80 lumens (lm) for every watt (W) that is used. As a result, this may result in saving around 80% of the final bill.

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    The luminous flux, or capability to produce light, is all that the lumen is. The simplest way to determine if the lamp you have picked is a decent one is to look at the lumens generated for each watt used (lm/W) number.

    Usable life: Compared to an incandescent bulb, a fluorescent lamp has a substantially longer useful life. At a cheap cost, they may last up to six times as long, or 8,000 hours altogether.

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    The longer they remain on, the less energy is required to offer the same level of illumination. They also use less energy when used continuously. Additionally, they don’t burn out as quickly when on and off.
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    LED Light Bulbs

    Temperature: Even compared to the fluorescent light bulb, LED bulbs emit relatively little heat. Additionally, they don’t produce infrared or ultraviolet radiation, which is less hazardous to eye health. They may also be put in green spaces and museums since they don’t harm the artwork or flora.

    Maintenance: In terms of maintenance, one LED bulb generally equates to eight CFLs and close to fifty incandescent bulbs. Because replacement is rare, this implies that the LED version needs very little maintenance, which is quite advantageous. Due to this, its primary function and location are now in difficult-to-reach areas like bridges and other tall public structures.

    Lifespan: LED lamps have a long lifespan. They may last anything from 25 to 50,000 hours. It may be used for up to 17 years if it is left on constantly for 8 hours each day. Everything depends on the product, and there are many different models available.